This workshop series focused on implementation of linkages in the Greater Interstate 10 (I-10) area including the San Bernardino - San Jacinto Mountains Linkage, the San Bernardino – Little San Bernardino Mountains Linkage, and the Joshua Tree - Chocolate Mountains Linkage. The primary goal of the Greater I-10 Linkage Implementation Workshop series was to establish a dialogue among participants and begin to develop communication and information sharing strategies to ensure that each partner’s efforts are coordinated with the actions of others through a mutually beneficial plan of action that leverages resources for linkage conservation.

The primary objectives of the workshop were to:

1. Engage diverse stakeholders involved in various aspects of linkage implementation, such as wildlife and transportation agencies, land manager and planners, academic and professional scientists, land trusts and conservancies, and conservation organizations.
2. Identify specific actions to further connectivity conservation.
3. Begin to develop coordinated strategies to maximize our collective impact for linkage implementation.

Title: Greater I-10 Linkage Implementation Workshop Dates: April 19, 20, 27, 28, 2021 Download PDF

Promoting Ecological Connectivity Across the Oregon-California Border

In 2018, a small, informal partnership formed to promote coordination across jurisdictional boundaries and diverse disciplines to promote ecological connectivity in the greater Cascade-Siskiyou region of southern Oregon and northern California. Since then, the partnership hosted two Connectivity Symposiums at Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon, with the most recent event taking place on May 4th, 2022. This Cascade-Siskiyou Connectivity Symposium summary report is the result of that second event.

The symposium engaged more than 55 people from over 30 different entities and agencies, including federal, state, and local agencies focused on wildlife, transportation, and land management in both Oregon and California. Tribes, academic institutions, land trusts, and other non-profit conservation organizations were also in attendance.

The report summarizes information gathered at the 2022 symposium and presents a set of recommendations for connectivity conservation activities in six distinct focus areas:

• Research & monitoring
• Land use & policy
• Transportation & infrastructure
• Restoration & stewardship
• Land conservation needs & opportunities
• Outreach & education

The report also includes the top 10 recommendations for next steps to advance this important collaborative effort. It is the hope of the Cascade-Siskiyou Connectivity Partnership that the report will be a living document and will be refined as new data and information becomes available.

Title: Cascade-Siskiyou Connectivity Symposium Report Release Date: 2023 Download PDF

While recognition of the importance of ecological connectivity is growing internationally, very few countries have adopted a national corridor plan to link important wildlife habitat areas. But recently Tanzania—home to elephants, African wild dogs and the great wildebeest migrations—became one of the countries to take this forward-thinking step. On Saturday September 17, 2022, that plan was officially launched by Tanzania’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism in the national capital of Dodoma. The Tanzania Wildlife Corridor Assessment, Prioritization, and Action Plan is a groundbreaking document for advancing corridor and connectivity conservation. Tanzania’s protected area network and the rich biodiversity it sustains are some of the country’s most important natural assets. Taking this step to safeguard and restore corridors for wildlife movement across the country will help reduce human-wildlife conflicts and ensure conservation of Tanzania’s rich natural heritage, wildlife tourism revenue, and natural capital for the benefit of its communities.

The assessment and prioritization were rigorously quantitative and followed a systematic, transparent, and repeatable process that entailed:

• Developing a set of 12 stakeholder-endorsed criteria for assessing and prioritizing corridors based on conservation value and various threats to connectivity function;
• Delineating 61 corridors, including eight transboundary corridors that are likely important for wildlife movement between targeted protected areas based on natural land cover and various human influences on the landscape; and
• Identifying the top 20 corridors for conservation value, as well as 7 additional corridors that link the ecological network together across the entire country including transboundary connections to neighboring countries.

From community to regional scale, the corridors have been prioritized and initial actions identified to protect and bolster their important ecological services and adaptation capacity in view to the effects of climate change. This plan will also better ensure that local communities receive tangible benefits from conserving wildlife corridors, migration routes, and buffer zones. Critical next steps for implementing the Plan include the formation of wildlife corridor working groups that conduct detailed assessments of the on-the-ground situation in each corridor to prepare robust plans of action to secure these corridors. Importantly, Tanzania’s leadership in connectivity conservation also has the potential to be applied by neighboring governments, scaled regionally across borders for broader impact, and to serve as a model for countries around the world.

Image 1: Picture of the launch ceremony in the national capital of Dodoma Credit: Exper Pius, USAID Tuhifadhi Maliasili Project

At the launching ceremony, the Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism, Hon. Ambassador Dr. Pindi Chana, said, “The Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism has approached the Wildlife Corridors Assessment, Prioritization and Action Plan to restore, protect and strengthen the conservation of wildlife natural transitions and address the challenge of human-wildlife conflicts.”

Image 2: This map delineates lands likely important to wildlife movement between protected areas at the countrywide scale based on natural land cover and various human influences on the landscape. This map was used to support the assessment and prioritization f wildlife corridors important to maintaining Tanzania’s rich natural heritage.

Title: Tanzania Wildlife Corridor Assessment, Prioritization, and Action Plan 2022-2026 Release Date: 2022 Download PDF

This report summarizes the planning and results of a one-day collaborative symposium held on January 8, 2020, in Redding, California. The symposium was intended to help address issues recently highlighted by the California Biodiversity Initiative: A Roadmap for Protecting the State's Natural Heritage (2018) and the Department of Interior's Secretarial Order 3362 Improving Habitat Quality in Western Big-Game Winter Range and Migration Corridors (S.O. 3362).

The focus area was Caltrans District 2 because a) that area supports all the species targeted by S.O. 3362 (elk, mule deer, and pronghorn antelope); b) includes a priority area identified in response to S.O. 3362 and is a Natural Resources Conservation Service Critical Conservation Area; c) the majority of the area lacks a fine-scale, regional connectivity analysis identifying species-specific linkages, and has therefore been identified as a priority area for additional connectivity analysis; and d) and there is local management support for collaborative wildlife connectivity assessments.

The Symposium sought to gather data and information on wildlife barriers, data gaps, and research needs, and promote coordination among diverse stakeholders to conserve connectivity.

Title: Northeastern California Wildlife Connectivity Symposium Release Date: Jan 2020 Download PDF

Critical Linkages: Bay Area & Beyond identifies 14 landscape level connections that are crucial to maintaining connected wildlife populations from Mendocino National Forest in the north to the beaches of the Santa Lucia Range on Los Padres National Forest and Hearst Ranch in the south, and eastward to the southern end of the Inner Coast Range. Such an interconnected system of wildlands would allow natural ecological processes—such as migration and range shifts with climate change--to continue operating as they have for millennia. These 14 linkages of crucial biological value could be irretrievably compromised by development projects over the next decade unless immediate conservation action occurs. These landscape linkages and the wildlands they connect are meant to serve as the backbone of a regional wildlands network to which smaller wildlands can be connected.



The Critical Linkages effort was led by Science and Collaboration for Connected Wildlands (SC Wildlands), a nonprofit focused on connectivity conservation. SC Wildlands was asked to expand upon the work of the Bay Area Open Space Council’s Conservation Lands Network. The products developed for Critical Linkages are meant to fine tune the Conservation Lands Network to ensure functional habitat connectivity at a landscape scale. SC Wildlands collaborated with the Bay Area Open Space Council and numerous other partnering agencies, organizations and individuals to develop the Critical Linkages conservation strategy.

Title: Critical Linkages: Bay Area & Beyond Release Date: May 2013 Download PDF

The rapidly increasing demands being placed on our deserts points to the urgent need for a connectivity assessment that spans multiple jurisdictional boundaries and promotes the partnerships needed to implement a regional conservation strategy for this diverse and striking landscape. The vast scale of renewable energy developments proposed in the California deserts are likely to impact habitat connectivity, alter essential ecosystem functions, and eliminate opportunities for species to shift their ranges in response to climate change. The potential impacts of energy development on our existing public lands, specifically to wildlife and their ability to move across the landscape, are enormous. The primary goal of the California Desert Connectivity Project is to identify areas where maintenance or restoration of ecological connectivity is essential for conserving the unique biological diversity of California’s deserts.



Strategically conserving and restoring essential connections between remaining wildland areas is an effective and cost-efficient measure to reduce the adverse effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. The future of our wild legacy is dependent upon the remaining natural areas being functionally connected as part of a large network of open space. This requires identifying and prioritizing those connections that are most essential to maintaining healthy populations of native plants and animals. Habitat connectivity planning can help prevent additional species from becoming endangered, it can stabilize existing populations, and it can prevent costly long- term recovery efforts. With a comprehensive multi-jurisdictional connectivity assessment, the outcome of land use changes can be altered to ensure the greatest protection for our precious natural areas at the least cost to our human endeavors. It is our hope that this project will serve as a catalyst for directing funds and attention toward the protection of ecological connectivity for California’s deserts. We envision a future interconnected system of natural space where our native biodiversity can thrive.

Title: A Linkage Network for the California Deserts Release Date: March 2012 Download PDF

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) commissioned the California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project because a functional network of connected wildlands is essential to the continued support of California’s diverse natural communities in the face of human development and climate change. This Report is also intended to make transportation and land-use planning more efficient and less costly, while helping reduce dangerous wildlife-vehicle collisions.

This Report was produced by a highly collaborative, transparent, and repeatable process that can be emulated by other states. The work was guided by input and review of a Multidisciplinary Team of agency representatives, a Technical Advisory Group, and a Steering Committee. The Multidisciplinary Team (~200 people from 62 agencies) provided broad representation across Federal, State, Tribal, regional, and local agencies that are involved in biodiversity conservation, land-use planning, or land management—and that could therefore both contribute to and benefit from efforts to improve habitat connectivity at various scales. The Technical Advisory Group (44 people from 23 agencies) was a subset of the Multidisciplinary Team. It provided technical expertise to help guide such decisions as selection of data sources, models, and mapping criteria. The Steering Committee (ten people from four partner agencies) guided key decisions about work flow, meeting agendas, and document contents. In addition to review by these agency representatives, the work plan and this final report were subject to peer review by five outside experts in conservation biology and conservation planning.



This Essential Habitat Connectivity Report includes three primary products: (1) a statewide Essential Habitat Connectivity Map, (2) data characterizing areas delineated on the map, and (3) guidance for mitigating the fragmenting effects of roads and for developing and implementing local and regional connectivity plans. These products will be made available for public use on two websites—BIOS, managed by the California Department of Fish and Game (http://bios.dfg.ca.gov), and Data Basin, managed by the Conservation Biology Institute (http://databasin.org). Both are interactive web-based systems that allow users to download, print, combine, comment on, or otherwise use the maps, data layers, and other information.

Title: California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project: A Strategy for Conserving a Connected California Release Date: April 2010 Download PDF

The Linkage Design for the Joshua Tree - Twentynine Palms Connection encompasses basin and range topography with an impressive array of geological formations and broad alluvial fans or bajadas. It includes several major swaths of habitat to accommodate diverse species and ecosystem functions. The two areas targeted to be served by the linkage, Joshua Tree National Park and the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center (MCAGCC) at Twentynine Palms, support a great diversity of species. Joshua Tree provides habitat for more than 250 resident and migratory birds, 52 mammals, 44 reptiles, 3 amphibians, and more than 700 vascular plant species, while MCAGCC supports nearly 400 plant species and more than 250 vertebrate wildlife species.

Title: A Linkage Design for the Joshua Tree Twentynine Palms Connection Release Date: December 2008 Download PDF

Habitat loss and fragmentation are the leading threats to biodiversity worldwide, and nowhere is the risk more severe than in southern California. Countering these threats requires protecting connections between our existing open space areas to form a regional wildland network. Such an interconnected set of reserves would allow natural ecological processes—such as migration and range shifts with climate change--to continue operating as they have for millennia.

The South Coast Missing Linkages project has developed a comprehensive plan for such a regional network that would maintain and restore critical habitat linkages between existing reserves. These linkages form the backbone of a conservation strategy for southern California where the whole would be greater than the sum of the parts. This strategy represents the best hope for maintaining what remains of southern California’s wildlife legacy, while ensuring quality of life for our citizens via clean air, clean water, and recreational opportunities.



South Coast Missing Linkages is a highly collaborative inter-agency effort to identify and conserve the highest-priority linkages in the South Coast Ecoregion. Partners include South Coast Wildlands, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, California State Parks, The Wildlands Conservancy, The Resources Agency, California State Parks Foundation, The Nature Conservancy, Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, Resources Legacy Foundation, Conservation Biology Institute, San Diego State University Field Stations Program, Environment Now, Mountain Lion Foundation, and the Zoological Society of San Diego’s Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, among others. Cross-border alliances have also been formed with Pronatura, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Terra Peninsular, and Conabio, in recognition of our shared vision for ecological connectivity across the border into Baja.

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Wildland Network for the South Coast Ecoregion Release Date: March 2008 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Peninsular-Borrego Connection Release Date: November 2006 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Santa Monica-Sierra Madre Connection Release Date: June 2006 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Palomar - San Jacinto/Santa Rosa Connection Release Date: May 2006 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the San Bernardino-Granite Connection Release Date: December 2005 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the San Bernardino-San Jacinto Connection Release Date: September 2005 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the San Bernardino-Little San Bernardino Connection Release Date: July 2005 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Sierra Madre-Castaic Connection Release Date: March 2005 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Santa Ana-Palomar Mountain Connection Release Date: May 2004 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the San Gabriel-San Bernardino Connection Release Date: May 2004 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the San Gabriel-Castaic Connection Release Date: March 2004 Download PDF

Title: South Coast Missing Linkages: A Linkage Design for the Tehachapi Connection Release Date: October 2003 Download PDF

The goals of this project are to inform decision makers and community members about maintaining the health and integrity of the upper Santa Clara Watershed and the Santa Clara River. Our audience will be planners, politicians, and the community at large. Our goal is to extend the message of sustainable watershed management, restoration, and stewardship in the context of an expanding demand for housing and infrastructure in the region. We seek to restore and conserve the biodiversity, water quality and quantity of the watershed and River, as well as, to preserve the quality of life for existing and future residents of the watershed.

Title: Wildlands of the Santa Clara Watershed Release Date: June 2006 Download PDF

This habitat connectivity study was initially undertaken to assist California Energy Commission, County of San Luis Obispo, California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in assessing baseline conditions in the Carrizo Plain where large-scale solar projects are proposed. Carrizo Plain is home to a number of sensitive species that could be detrimentally affected by loss and fragmentation of their habitat and their ability to move through the region. Three species of special management concern: tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes), pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), and San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) were selected as focal species. It is assumed that maintaining habitat connectivity for these species will not only sustain their long-term population viability, but will also help to maintain healthy populations of other native species, as well as provide resilience to native ecosystems, and the ecological processes that they support, in the face of climate change. The three focal species use portions of the proposed project areas for foraging, reproduction, and/or movement between other areas to varying degrees.

This study is intended to provide insight into the existing baseline conditions of the landscape, and how that landscape provides habitat and movement opportunities for wildlife. The results of the baseline conditions analyses will be used by the County of San Luis Obispo to analyze potential impacts of the proposed solar projects, both in isolation and cumulatively, on the focal species and evaluate proposed mitigation options and strategies that were not expressly addressed by this study.

Title: Habitat Connectivity Planning for Selected Focal Species in the Carrizo Plain Release Date: April 2010 Download PDF

The 270,750-acre Tejon Ranch is the largest contiguous tract of privately owned land in California and arguably the most valuable conservation property in the state. Tejon Ranch forms an essential landscape feature—serving to connect the Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, San Joaquin Valley, and Mojave Desert. It is currently the subject of development proposals that could irretrievably change the landscape that it defines. The purpose of this study is to design a wildland reserve for the Ranch that captures the broad array of landscape functions and conservation values that it supports. This planning effort is intended to be biologically conservative; that is, it is intended to ensure that, in the face of future development outside of the reserve, species and habitats are unquestionably protected, landscape-scale processes can proceed within their natural ranges of variability, and responses to extreme events and long-term climate changes can be accommodated. We did not explicitly consider the effects of the reserve configuration on the viability of species populations or its contribution to the recovery of listed species in the region. Furthermore, while we excluded some areas from the reserve based on their lesser contributions to landscape values, we did not explicitly consider whether these areas are appropriate for development from a regional development planning perspective, potential development constraints or the development suitability of portions of these areas, environmental compliance or endangered species permitting implications of development in these areas, other constraints such as military flight corridors, or economic considerations relating to development or implementation of conservation and management actions on the reserve.



The work herein draws extensively on our previous studies relating to Tejon Ranch (Stallcup et al. 2003, White et al. 2003) and the Tehachapi Mountains region (Penrod et al. 2003, 2005). These studies have been conducted entirely with publicly available information, and the reader is referred to these reports for descriptions of relevant methods, results, and literature reviews. We also convened a technical peer review group to review the draft findings of this study (Attachment A). We revised the approach and document to reflect the input received at the peer review workshop, but these individuals have not necessarily endorsed our results or conclusions.

Title: Proposed Reserve Design for Tejon Ranch: A Threatened California Legacy Release Date: May 2006 Download PDF

The groundbreaking “Missing Linkages” report published in fall 2001 brought habitat connectivity to the forefront of conservation thinking in the state. The primary goal of the Missing Linkages: Restoring Connectivity to the California Landscape conference was to bring together land managers and planners, conservationists, and top scientists from each ecoregion in the state to identify the location of, and threats to the most important movement corridors for California’s wildlife. The conference was held on November 2, 2000 at the San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California. Missing Linkages was a tremendous success with one hundred and sixty scientists, conservationists, land managers, and planners in attendance. Participants identified over 200 linkages needed to prevent isolation of wildlands in California.